We typically think of a bottleneck as a physical restriction on capacity (Category 3 above). Highlight Box 1 discusses how the seven sources of congestion are related to the underlying traffic flow characteristics that create a disruption in traffic. This leads to an increase in the amount of traffic that can be handled. Research has shown that drivers familiar with routinely congested roadways space themselves closer together than drivers on less congested roadways. There is also a wild card in the mix of what determines capacity-driver behavior. Toll booths may also be thought of as a special case of bottlenecks because they restrict the physical flow of traffic. Capacity is determined by a number of factors: the number and width of lanes and shoulders merge areas at interchanges and roadway alignment (grades and curves).
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